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Research shows that asthma and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are connected. Not only are they linked, but they can actually make each other worse.

The first time doctors reported a possible connection between asthma and sleep apnea was in 1979. Since then, many studies have found that people with asthma are more likely to snore, feel very sleepy during the day, and have breathing pauses during sleep.

A four-year study found that 27% of people with asthma developed OSA, compared with 16% without asthma. After adjusting for weight, age, and sex, asthma patients were still about 39% more likely to develop sleep apnea.

So, can asthma cause sleep apnea? And how can sleep apnea make asthma worse?

This article will explain how the two conditions are linked, why they often overlap, and what it means for your health and treatment. We’ll also offer practical tips for anyone dealing with both asthma and sleep apnea.

Key Takeaways

  • Asthma does not directly cause obstructive sleep apnea, but people with asthma have a significantly higher risk of developing OSA. Studies show adults with asthma are about 1.4 to 2.6 times more likely to have sleep apnea compared to those without asthma.
  • Long-standing asthma, especially over 10 years, increases the likelihood of developing sleep apnea.
  • Chronic airway inflammation and nasal congestion in asthma can narrow the upper airway and make it more prone to collapse during sleep.
  • Obesity increases the risk of both asthma severity and obstructive sleep apnea, creating a strong overlap between the two conditions.
  • Long-term or high-dose steroid use in asthma may increase fat deposits around the airway, which can raise OSA risk.
  • Loud snoring, choking at night, morning headaches, and excessive daytime sleepiness are warning signs of sleep apnea in someone with asthma.

What is Asthma?

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that makes it hard to breathe.

If you have asthma, the bronchi or the airway tubes in your lungs are hypersensitive and tend to swell up and produce extra mucus when irritated. This inflammation and narrowing of the airways lead to symptoms like:

    • wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing)
    • shortness of breath
    • chest tightness
    • coughing

Asthma often starts in childhood but can affect people of all ages. Common asthma triggers include:

    • allergens (like pollen, dust mites, pet dander)
    • respiratory infections
    • cold air
    • exercise
  • smoke

While asthma has no cure, it is typically managed with daily controller medications to reduce inflammation and rescue inhalers to open the airways during acute symptoms.

What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which happens when the throat muscles and soft tissues relax during sleep and collapse to block the upper airway. Essentially, the airway becomes temporarily obstructed, causing you to stop breathing for brief periods, often 10 seconds or longer, until your brain senses the drop in oxygen and wakes you up briefly to resume breathing.

Common symptoms of OSA include:

    • loud chronic snoring
    • observed pauses in breathing at night
    • choking or gasping episodes at night,
    • frequent nighttime awakenings

Each apnea event causes a reduction in airflow and lower oxygen levels in the blood. This can happen dozens or even hundreds of times per night in severe cases. As a result, sleep quality is very poor.

Because sleep is disrupted, people with sleep apnea often have:

    • excessive daytime sleepiness
    • morning headaches
    • difficulty concentrating
    • memory problems
    • irritability or mood changes

It’s estimated that over 18 million American adults have sleep apnea, and many cases go undiagnosed. Major risk factors for OSA include:

    • overweight or obesity
    • being male
    • having a large neck circumference or crowded anatomy in the throat (like a small airway, large tongue, or tonsils)
    • family history of OSA

Lifestyle factors like smoking and alcohol use can also worsen sleep apnea.

Can Asthma Cause Sleep Apnea?

Asthma by itself doesn’t directly cause the throat to close off as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, but research strongly indicates that asthma can increase the risk of developing OSA. One landmark study published in 2015 followed a large group of adults over several years. None of them had sleep apnea at the start. The researchers found that about 27% of the asthma patients developed OSA within 4 years, compared to 16% of those without asthma. Even after accounting for other factors like obesity, age, and sex, having asthma was associated with roughly a 1.4-fold higher risk of developing sleep apnea than not having asthma. Having asthma for more than 10 years also carries an even greater risk. This single study isn’t the only evidence. A 2017 meta-analysis pooled data from 26 studies with over 7,000 patients to quantify the overlap between asthma and OSA. Results showed that roughly 50% of adults with asthma had OSA, as confirmed by sleep studies. Overall, asthmatic patients had about 2.6 times higher odds of having OSA compared to non-asthmatics.

Asthma by itself doesn’t directly cause the throat to close off as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, but research strongly indicates that asthma can increase the risk of developing OSA.

One landmark study published in 2015 followed a large group of adults over several years. None of them had sleep apnea at the start. The researchers found that about 27% of the asthma patients developed OSA within 4 years, compared to 16% of those without asthma.

Even after accounting for other factors like obesity, age, and sex, having asthma was associated with roughly a 1.4-fold higher risk of developing sleep apnea than not having asthma. Having asthma for more than 10 years also carries an even greater risk.

This single study isn’t the only evidence. A 2017 meta-analysis pooled data from 26 studies with over 7,000 patients to quantify the overlap between asthma and OSA. Results showed that roughly 50% of adults with asthma had OSA, as confirmed by sleep studies. Overall, asthmatic patients had about 2.6 times higher odds of having OSA compared to non-asthmatics.

Factors That Could Cause Sleep Apnea in Asthmatics

Here are some reasons and mechanisms by which asthma might increase the risk of OSA:

1. Chronic airway inflammation

Asthma causes ongoing inflammation in the airways. This inflammation can also make the throat tissues swell or change. As a result, the airway may become narrower or softer, making it easier to collapse during sleep.

2. Nasal congestion and allergies

People with asthma often have allergic rhinitis or chronic nasal congestion as a comorbidity. Stuffy or swollen nasal passages force you to breathe through your mouth when sleeping. Unfortunately, mouth breathing can increase the risk of the airway collapsing.

A congested nose also creates suction pressures that can pull the throat walls inward. Studies find that nasal obstruction is a contributor to OSA. So, if you’re asthmatic and have constant nasal allergies or sinus issues, you might be more prone to OSA.

3. Obesity and weight gain

Being overweight significantly raises the risk of OSA because excess fat around the neck and abdomen can narrow the airway and make lung volumes lower, especially when lying down. At the same time, obesity can also worsen asthma control and lung function.

There’s also a bit of a vicious cycle, as poorly controlled asthma might reduce a person’s activity levels, potentially leading to weight gain. Certain asthma medications, like oral corticosteroids, can further cause weight gain over time as a side effect.

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) shows that nearly one in three people with asthma are obese, with prevalence rising from 21.3% in NHANES I to 32.8% in NHANES III.

In an asthmatic patient, any obesity-related narrowing of the airway will further compound the risk of airway collapse at night.

4. Asthma medications and steroid effects

Long-term use of high-dose inhaled steroids or oral corticosteroids for asthma control may have side effects that contribute to sleep apnea. Steroids can lead to increased fatty deposits in certain areas, including possibly the tongue or neck, and can cause changes in muscle mass.

In a study with 18 young adults with mild asthma who took a high dose of steroids (1,760 mcg/day) for 16 weeks, fat around the airway increased by about 20.6% (fat fraction) and 15.4% (volume).

Some research has suggested a dose-dependent relationship between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and OSA risk. Asthma patients using ICS were about 2.7 times more likely to snore regularly than those not using ICS. They were also about 4 times more likely to be at high risk for sleep apnea compared to non-users. The higher the ICS dose, the higher the risk.

5. Nocturnal breathing physiology

Asthmatics can experience breathing difficulty at night, even from their asthma alone. A phenomenon known as nocturnal asthma, where asthma symptoms worsen in the nighttime hours.

When you’re struggling to breathe due to asthma, you generate more negative pressure in the chest with each inhalation, trying to suck in air through narrowed bronchi. Essentially, if your lower airways are constricted (asthma bronchospasm), you have to inhale harder, and that intense suction might literally pull your throat closed if the throat muscles are lax. This could potentially trigger an apnea event, or at least increase airway instability during sleep.

Also, the sleep deprivation and erratic sleep caused by nighttime asthma symptoms might alter your sleep architecture in ways that exacerbate OSA. It’s a bit of a snowball effect, where asthma flares can fragment sleep and cause airway muscle fatigue, which then might worsen OSA, which then further disturbs sleep.

6. Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

GERD (acid reflux) and asthma often occur together, and they can worsen each other. GERD may trigger asthma symptoms, while asthma can also increase reflux.

Acid reflux may worsen asthma directly, if small amounts of stomach contents reach the airway (called microaspiration), irritating the lungs and triggering narrowing of the airways. It can also worsen asthma indirectly by activating nerve reflexes that cause airway tightening and inflammation.

Meanwhile, people with asthma often have hyperinflated lungs because they work harder to breathe. This increases pressure inside the chest. That pressure change can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which is the muscle that normally keeps stomach acid from flowing backward into the esophagus.

GERD symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation are reported in up to 80% of people with asthma. A large study of over 100,000 veterans found that people with GERD were 1.51 times more likely to have asthma than those without GERD. Other studies using pH monitoring tests found that 30% to 65% of asthma patients also had GERD.

At the same time, OSA is also strongly associated with acid reflux.

In one study, researchers looked at a very large US hospital database from 2016 to 2019, including over 22.6 million patients with GERD, to see how often OSA occurred with it. And they found that 12.21% of people with GERD also had OSA, compared to 4.79% of people without GERD.

Does Sleep Apnea Make Asthma Worse?

Yes. Just as asthma can increase the likelihood of sleep apnea, having obstructive sleep apnea can worsen asthma control and symptoms.

When you have OSA, you experience repeated episodes of low oxygen (hypoxemia) and brief arousals from sleep throughout the night. These physiologic stresses have several consequences that can spill over into your asthma:

Nervous system effects (Bronchoconstriction)

When someone has obstructive sleep apnea (OSA):

    • Their breathing briefly stops during sleep
    • Oxygen levels drop
    • Carbon dioxide levels rise
    • The body reacts as if it’s in danger

This triggers the “fight or flight” response or the sympathetic nervous system.

When the apnea episode ends and breathing suddenly resumes:

    • The body quickly shifts into the parasympathetic system (the “rest and digest” system)
    • This system works through the vagus nerve
    • The vagus nerve can cause the airways in the lungs to tighten

If you have asthma, your airways are already sensitive. When they tighten suddenly, this can cause bronchospasm that leads to coughing, wheezing, or waking up short of breath.

Inflammation and immune changes

The chronic intermittent hypoxia (low oxygen episodes) from sleep apnea causes systemic inflammation. Markers of inflammation, like C-reactive protein, interleukins, and TNF-alpha, are often elevated in people with moderate-to-severe OSA.

One study suggests that OSA may contribute to airway remodeling that can shift asthma into a harder-to-treat phenotype.

Sleep disruption and hormonal effects

Good, deep sleep is important for maintaining healthy immune function and hormone balance. OSA dramatically fragments sleep, often preventing the person from getting enough slow-wave and REM sleep.

Lack of quality sleep can make asthma harder to manage. For example, cortisol (a natural anti-inflammatory hormone) follows a circadian rhythm and normally peaks in the early morning. But fragmented sleep can disturb hormonal cycles, potentially affecting asthma inflammation at night.

Additionally, poor sleep can lower one’s threshold for tolerating airway irritants and can make the perception of breathlessness worse. Ever notice your asthma feels crummier when you’re exhausted? If OSA is robbing you of restful sleep, your asthma may subjectively feel worse, and you might be more prone to attacks triggered by stress or lack of sleep.

Recognizing Sleep Apnea in People with Asthma

Here are some clues and tips to help distinguish and identify sleep apnea in an asthma patient:

  • Loud, chronic snoring with pauses – Occasional light snoring can happen with asthma. However, frequent loud snoring, especially if it’s punctuated by silences and then gasping, is a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea.
  • Year-round nasal congestion or mouth breathing – Asthma often comes with allergies, but if someone has persistent nasal stuffiness even outside of allergy season or finds they must sleep with their mouth open, it could contribute to OSA.
  • Waking up gasping or choking – Waking in the middle of the night with a sensation of choking, or actually choking/coughing, is more typical of an apnea event than an asthma attack.
  • Excessive daytime fatigue or sleepiness – People with well-controlled asthma generally sleep okay and shouldn’t be abnormally sleepy during the day. If you find yourself nodding off during meetings, struggling with morning grogginess, or feeling exhausted, OSA could be disrupting your quality of sleep.
  • Morning headaches – Waking up frequently with a dull headache can be a symptom of sleep apnea. The headaches are caused by overnight carbon dioxide retention and oxygen dips.
  • Worsening asthma despite proper treatment – Perhaps you find that even though you take your controllers and avoid triggers, you still have a lot of asthma issues at night or early morning. OSA might be undermining your asthma control.
  • High blood pressure or metabolic issues – OSA can cause hypertension and blood sugar abnormalities. If an adult asthma patient develops high blood pressure or pre-diabetes, it might be worth screening for sleep apnea, as OSA could be contributing to these problems.

If you notice some of these signs in yourself or an asthmatic family member, talk to a doctor about it. Doctors might use questionnaires like the STOP-Bang or Epworth Sleepiness Scale to screen for sleep apnea risk in asthmatics. Getting properly diagnosed is important because treating sleep apnea can improve one’s sleep quality and also aid in better asthma control.

Managing and Treating Both Asthma and Sleep Apnea

Man using cpap machine

Improvement in one often benefits the other. Here are the main strategies for managing this overlap:

1. Treat the sleep apnea (CPAP and more)

The primary treatment for moderate to severe OSA in adults is CPAP or Continuous Positive Airway Pressure therapy. This involves wearing a mask at night that gently blows air to keep the throat airway open. CPAP directly addresses the cause of sleep apnea by preventing airway collapse.

CPAP also has several specific benefits for asthma sufferers:

  • It maintains airflow and oxygen through the night, preventing the low-oxygen episodes that can trigger bronchospasm. Your blood oxygen stays more stable.
  • It can reduce airway inflammation. By stopping the cycle of apnea-induced inflammation, there’s less inflammatory spillover that could affect your lungs.
  • CPAP decreases the frequency of GERD events during sleep by stabilizing airway pressures, and some CPAP machines even increase pressure during exhalation, which can help keep the lower esophageal sphincter closed. Less nocturnal reflux means fewer asthma triggers from acid irritation.
  • It improves overall sleep quality. With deeper, more restorative sleep, the body is better equipped to handle asthma. Quality sleep supports a healthy immune system and lower stress hormone levels, which can translate to better asthma control.

2. Optimize asthma control

It’s equally important to keep the asthma as well-controlled as possible. You should continue taking your asthma medications as prescribed and work with your allergist or pulmonologist to minimize symptoms.

Here are some asthma management tips that particularly help in the context of sleep apnea:

  • Take controller medications consistently to reduce chronic inflammation. Well-controlled asthma means fewer nighttime flare-ups that could compound sleep issues.
  • Use bronchodilators (rescue inhalers) before bed only if needed. If you often need your inhaler at bedtime, tell your doctor. They may adjust your daily controller medication.
  • Manage allergies aggressively. Because nasal congestion and postnasal drip at night can worsen both asthma and OSA, treating allergic rhinitis is important. This might include daily nasal corticosteroid sprays, saline rinses, antihistamines, or immunotherapy (allergy shots) if needed. Keeping your nose clear helps you breathe better during sleep and improves CPAP tolerance, too. If you reduce the nasal stuffiness, you might snore less and have fewer asthma triggers at night.
  • If gastroesophageal reflux is present or suspected, take steps to control it. Dietary modifications (avoiding late meals, spicy or fatty foods, caffeine/alcohol) and possibly medications (like proton pump inhibitors) can reduce GERD. This, in turn, can reduce those reflux-induced asthma flares at night. Elevating the head of your bed a few inches can also help with nighttime reflux.

Some asthmatics find their symptoms are worse in the early morning hours, or the so-called “morning dipping” of lung function. If this is you, ask your doctor if shifting some medication doses to later in the day could help cover the nighttime period.

3. Healthy lifestyle and weight management

Because weight is such a pivotal factor for obstructive sleep apnea and can affect asthma severity too, maintaining a healthy weight is often part of the management plan. If you are overweight, even a modest weight loss (5-10% of body weight) can improve OSA severity, and it usually helps asthma control as well.

Incorporating exercise, as tolerated and as approved by your doctor, can strengthen your cardiovascular system and respiratory muscles. Exercises like swimming can even benefit asthma by improving lung capacity. Of course, always use your pre-exercise inhaler if you have exercise-induced asthma.

Other lifestyle considerations:

  • Avoid alcohol or sedatives at night, as these can worsen OSA by over-relaxing your airway. They might also suppress your normal arousal response, meaning an apnea could last longer. And alcohol can trigger asthma in some individuals due to sulfites or other mechanisms.
  • Stop smoking if you smoke. Smoking irritates airways, worsens asthma, and can contribute to upper airway inflammation and snoring. Quitting smoking is one of the best things you can do for both conditions.
  • Adjust your sleeping position. Some people have positional sleep apnea that’s worse when lying on their back. Asthma can also feel worse in certain positions if drainage causes coughing. If you notice you snore more or have more apnea events supine, try to sleep on your side. There are devices and pillows that encourage side-sleeping, which might help mild OSA. However, if you have significant OSA, don’t rely on this alone. Instead, use CPAP or the primary treatment prescribed for you.

4. Monitor and follow-up

Keep track of your symptoms for both conditions. Over time, as one condition is treated, you should notice improvement in the other. For example, after starting CPAP, you might find you haven’t needed your rescue inhaler at night for weeks, which is a great sign. Or after losing weight and better controlling your asthma, you might find your snoring has lessened.

Regular follow-up appointments are also important to adjust any therapies. Asthma severity can change over time, and so can OSA severity. In some cases, treating underlying issues can make OSA much milder, occasionally to the point of not needing CPAP. This should always be verified with a medical assessment or repeat sleep study.

Bottom line

Asthma does not directly cause sleep apnea, but research shows that people with asthma have a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), especially with long-standing disease, obesity, nasal congestion, reflux, or steroid use.

The relationship goes both ways. Sleep apnea can worsen asthma by triggering airway tightening, increasing inflammation, and disrupting sleep. This can lead to more nighttime symptoms, poorer asthma control, and daytime fatigue.

Recognizing warning signs such as loud snoring, choking at night, morning headaches, and excessive sleepiness is important. Treating sleep apnea, particularly with CPAP, alongside proper asthma management can improve breathing, sleep quality, and overall health.

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Frequently Asked Questions

If you have significant OSA, using CPAP consistently is usually recommended for long-term treatment. There are alternatives like oral appliance therapy or, in select cases, airway surgeries that can help OSA if CPAP is not tolerated. But these should be discussed with a sleep specialist.

Asthma itself does not directly cause snoring, but poorly controlled asthma can lead to nasal congestion and airway inflammation that may increase snoring. Nighttime asthma symptoms can also disturb sleep and mimic sleep apnea symptoms. Studies show that people with asthma have a higher risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea. If snoring is frequent and loud, especially with pauses in breathing, evaluation is recommended.

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy does not cause asthma. In fact, research suggests CPAP may improve asthma control in patients who also have obstructive sleep apnea. However, CPAP cleaning devices that utilize ozone may be associated with worsening asthma symptoms.

Asthma inhalers are designed to open inflamed lower airways and reduce bronchospasm, not to treat airway collapse during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway narrows or collapses, which inhalers do not correct. Therefore, inhalers generally do not treat sleep apnea unless asthma is also contributing to nighttime breathing symptoms. CPAP remains the standard treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Asthma commonly causes wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, especially with triggers like exercise or allergens. Sleep apnea typically presents with loud snoring, choking or gasping during sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness. Asthma symptoms can occur anytime, while sleep apnea symptoms mainly occur during sleep. A doctor may use spirometry for asthma and a sleep study for apnea to confirm the diagnosis.

The most reliable way to diagnose sleep apnea is through a sleep study, known as polysomnography, conducted in a sleep lab. Home sleep apnea testing is also approved for certain patients. These tests measure breathing patterns, oxygen levels, and sleep stages. A healthcare provider interprets the results using the apnea-hypopnea index.

Common signs include loud, chronic snoring, observed pauses in breathing, gasping during sleep, and waking with a dry mouth or headache. Many people also experience daytime fatigue, difficulty concentrating, or mood changes. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine advises a medical evaluation if these symptoms occur regularly.

Risk increases in people who are overweight or obese, particularly with excess neck circumference. Men, older adults, and individuals with a family history of sleep apnea are also at higher risk. Other risk factors include smoking, alcohol use before bedtime, nasal obstruction, and certain craniofacial features. Medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension are also associated with higher rates.

Sleeping on your side is generally recommended for people with obstructive sleep apnea. Supine positioning, meaning lying on your back, often worsens airway collapse and increases apnea events. Positional therapy may benefit those with mild to moderate positional sleep apnea. However, CPAP remains the most effective treatment when prescribed.

Heavy meals close to bedtime may worsen reflux, which can aggravate nighttime breathing. Alcohol should be limited, especially in the evening, because it relaxes throat muscles and increases apnea events. Highly processed foods and excess sugar may contribute to weight gain, which is a known risk factor. Maintaining a balanced diet that supports a healthy weight is recommended.

There is no strong evidence that removing a pillow improves sleep apnea. In some cases, proper neck alignment with an appropriate pillow may actually support better airway positioning. Sleeping on the side is more consistently supported by evidence than pillow removal. Specialized CPAP pillows may improve comfort for CPAP users.

Oropharyngeal exercises, sometimes called myofunctional therapy, strengthen tongue and throat muscles and have been shown in studies to reduce mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea severity. Regular aerobic exercise can also improve overall respiratory function and support weight management. Breathing exercises alone do not replace CPAP for moderate to severe cases. A sleep specialist can recommend appropriate therapy based on severity.

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