Best Dupixent Alternatives

Many people with type 2 inflammatory diseases like eczema have found relief with Dupixent (dupilumab), a biologic that blocks interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 signaling.

While Dupixent is highly effective, it is also very expensive. Some people also experience injection-site reactions, conjunctivitis, or an inadequate response. Because of these challenges, doctors and patients often look for alternatives that might be more affordable, easier to use, or better suited to their symptoms.

In this guide, we’ll explore many of the medications used as alternatives to Dupixent for eczema, asthma, and other allergic conditions.

Understanding Dupixent and why people seek alternatives

Dupilumab is a biologic drug, an antibody produced in a laboratory. It binds to a receptor shared by IL-4 and IL-13, two signaling molecules that promote inflammation. This gives it a broader effect on the immune system. It can help with eczema and other related conditions like asthma.

For eczema, the recommended dosing is a 600 mg loading dose followed by 300 mg every other week. For asthma, the dose is 300 mg every two weeks. In teenagers and children, the dosing differs based on weight. Dupixent is supplied as prefilled syringes or autoinjectors containing 300 mg/2 mL or 200 mg/1.14 mL.

Despite its benefits, Dupixent isn’t right for everyone. Some reasons for exploring alternatives include:

• • Cost: Dupixent costs around $3,993.36 per carton. Even with insurance, copays may be high.

• • Convenience: It requires an injection every two weeks, and some people prefer oral medicines or infrequent dosing.

• • Response: A portion of patients do not achieve adequate control of symptoms or experience a flare after an initial response.

• • Side effects: Dupixent can cause side effects like conjunctivitis, eosinophilia (elevated white blood cells), and injection-site reactions. Rarely, it may trigger systemic allergic reactions.

With these considerations in mind, let’s examine the alternatives of Dupixent across several categories.

Dupixent alternatives for eczema (atopic dermatitis)

Below are approved medications for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis that can be used as an alternative to Dupixent.

1. Adbry

Price: $1,810.87 for a two-syringe pack, $3,621.73 for a four-syringe pack

Active ingredients: Tralokinumab

Drug class: Interleukin-13 (IL-13) antagonist

Dosage form and strength: 150 mg prefilled syringe and 300 mg autoinjector

Dosage frequency: Every two weeks

Approved indications: Moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in patients aged 12 years and older whose disease is not adequately controlled with topical therapies

Common side effects: Upper respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis, injection site reactions, and eosinophilia.

PROS:

CONS:

In clinical trials, Adbry shows strong results in early treatment. About 16 to 22% of patients had clear or almost clear skin after 16 weeks, compared to 7 to 11% on placebo. When used with topical steroids, about 56% of patients on Adbry reached at least 75% improvement in their eczema (EASI), compared to 36% with placebo.

In harder-to-treat patients, about 64% of patients on Adbry reached major improvement, compared to about 50% with placebo.

Adbry also shows lasting benefits. After about 5 years, around 67% of patients maintained clear or almost clear skin, and about 93% maintained major improvement (at least 75% improvement on EASI).

In adolescents (12 to 17 years), about 18 to 21% on Adbry reached clear or almost clear skin, compared to about 4% on placebo. Around 28 to 29% had major improvement, compared to about 6% with placebo.

2. Ebglyss

Price: $3,675 per device

Active ingredients: Lebrikizumab

Drug class: Interleukin-13 (IL-13) antagonist

Dosage form and strength: 250 mg prefilled pen or syringe

Dosage frequency: Every two weeks until week 16, then every four weeks as maintenance

Approved indications: Moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older who weigh at least 40 kg (~88 lbs)

Common side effects: Conjunctivitis, injection site reactions, and herpes zoster.

PROS:

CONS:

In the ADvocate 1 and ADvocate 2 phase 3 trials, Ebglyss given every two weeks worked significantly better than a placebo.

By week 16 in ADvocate 1, 43.1% of patients taking Ebglyss had skin that was clear or almost clear, compared with 12.7% of those on placebo. In addition, 58.8% of patients experienced at least a 75% reduction in eczema severity, compared with 16.2% in the placebo group.

Similar results were seen in ADvocate 2. About 33.2% of patients achieved clear or nearly clear skin (vs 10.8% on placebo), and 52.1% saw a 75% or greater improvement in their eczema symptoms (vs 18.1% on placebo).

Patients also reported less itching and better sleep, although eye-related side effects like conjunctivitis (pink eye) were more common with Ebglyss.

3. Nemluvio

Price: $4,240 per pen

Active ingredients: Nemolizumab-ilto

Drug class: Interleukin-31 (IL-31) antagonist

Dosage form and strength: Single-dose dual-chamber pen containing 30 mg of lyophilized powder plus diluent

Dosage frequency: Every four weeks, may be extended to every eight weeks after achieving clear or almost clear skin after 16 weeks

Approved indications: Treatment of adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in combination with topical corticosteroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors. Also approved for the treatment of adults with prurigo nodularis.

Common side effects: Headache, which includes migraine, arthralgia, urticaria, and myalgia.

PROS:

CONS:

In the ARCADIA 1 and ARCADIA 2 clinical trials, nemolizumab, used alongside topical treatments, worked better than a placebo.

By week 16 in ARCADIA 1, 36% of patients had clear or almost clear skin, compared with 25% in the placebo group. Also, 44% of patients saw at least a 75% improvement in their eczema severity, compared with 29% on placebo.

Similar results were seen in ARCADIA 2. About 38% of patients achieved clear or nearly clear skin (vs 26% on placebo), and 42% experienced a 75% or greater improvement in symptoms (vs 30% on placebo).

Nemolizumab also helped reduce itching quickly. By just day 2, 10.7% of patients had a significant drop in itch intensity, compared with 2.9% on placebo. It also improved sleep problems related to itching (9.9% vs 4.6%).

4. Cibinqo

Price: $5,845.69 for a 30-count bottle of any strength ($2,299 for a 30-count bottle on Pharma Giant)

Active ingredients: Abrocitinib

Drug class: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor

Dosage form and strength: 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg tablets

Dosage frequency: Once daily

Approved indications: Refractory, moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults and adolescents whose disease is not adequately controlled with systemic therapy or when systemic therapy is not advised

Common side effects: Nausea, headache, herpes simplex, increased blood creatine kinase, dizziness, urinary tract infection, acne, vomiting, gastroenteritis, upper abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, herpes zoster, and thrombocytopenia.

PROS:

CONS:

In phase 3 trials, Cibinqo, taken once daily at either 100 mg or 200 mg, was significantly more effective than a placebo. Patients began to see results within 2 to 4 weeks. Many achieved clear or almost clear skin, and a large number also experienced at least a 75% improvement in their eczema severity.

A deeper analysis showed that early improvement was a strong sign the treatment would keep working. Among patients taking the 100 mg dose, 72% of those who had at least a 50% improvement in symptoms by week 4 went on to achieve a 75% improvement by week 12. In contrast, only 16% of those who didn’t improve early reached that level later.

The same pattern was seen for skin clearance. About 48% of early responders eventually had clear or nearly clear skin, compared with just 6% of those who didn’t respond early.

In real-world clinical use, Cibinqo and Dupixent both helped reduce inflammation markers in the body. However, Cibinqo provided greater relief from itching and had a slightly higher overall success rate (80% vs 69.73%). Side effects were similar between the two treatments.

5. Rinvoq

Price: $7,090.41 for a 30-day supply ($1,739 for a 30-day supply on Pharma Giant)

Active ingredients: Upadacitinib

Drug class: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor

Dosage form and strength: Rinvoq extended-release tablets are available in 15 mg, 30 mg, and 45 mg strengths, while the oral solution (Rinvoq LQ) is available in a 1 mg dose

Dosage frequency: Once daily

Approved indications: Treats moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults and adolescents who have not responded adequately to topical treatments. It also has indications for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, active ankylosing spondylitis, active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, and Crohn’s disease.

Common side effects: Upper respiratory tract infections, acne, herpes simplex, headache, increased blood creatine phosphokinase, cough, hypersensitivity, folliculitis, nausea, abdominal pain, pyrexia, increased weight, herpes zoster, influenza, fatigue, neutropenia, myalgia, and influenza-like illness.

PROS:

CONS:

The LEVEL UP clinical trial compared Rinvoq (15 mg or 30 mg daily) with Dupixent in adults with moderate-to-severe eczema.

By week 16, Rinvoq helped more patients achieve almost completely clear skin, with 19.9% reaching near-total clearance, compared with 8.9% on Dupixent.

It also performed better on other outcomes. For example, 40.8% of patients on Rinvoq experienced about a 90% improvement in their eczema, compared with 22.5% on Dupixent. In addition, 30.2% of patients reported little to no itching, compared with 15.5% of those taking Dupixent.

In terms of safety, both treatments had similar overall rates of side effects leading to stopping treatment. However, Rinvoq was linked to more mild infections, which is consistent with its known risks.

6. Opzelura

Price: $2,136 for a 60 g tube

Active ingredients: Ruxolitinib

Drug class: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor

Dosage form and strength: A 1.5% ruxolitinib cream supplied in 60 g and 100 g tubes

Dosage frequency: Twice daily, covering no more than 20% of the body and using no more than one 60 g tube per week or one 100 gram tube per 2 weeks

Approved indications: Approved for short-term and non-continuous chronic treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis in non-immunocompromised patients aged 2 years and older. It is also approved for nonsegmental vitiligo.

Common side effects: Nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, bronchitis, ear infection, eosinophilia, urticaria, folliculitis, tonsillitis, rhinorrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, COVID-19, application site reactions, pyrexia, and decreased white blood cell count.

PROS:

CONS:

In the phase 3 TRuE-AD1 and TRuE-AD2 trials, ruxolitinib 1.5% cream (Opzelura), applied twice daily, was much more effective than a placebo cream.

By week 8, about 51-54% of patients using Opzelura had clear or almost clear skin, compared with only 7-15% using the placebo cream.

The treatment also helped relieve itching. Around half of the patients using Opzelura experienced a meaningful reduction in itch intensity, compared with only about 15-16% in the placebo group.

Because it’s a topical treatment (applied to the skin) rather than an injection, it’s usually used for milder eczema or specific problem areas.

Dupixent alternatives for asthma and allergic conditions

Atopic dermatitis often coexists with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, or food allergies. In these conditions, several biologics and other medications targeting different pathways are available. They may be used alone or alongside topical eczema treatments.

1. Xolair

Price: Estimates show that the annual cost of Xolair is $30,000-60,000 ($999 for a single-dose vial on Pharma Giant)

Active ingredients: Omalizumab

Drug class: Anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody

Dosage form and strength: Comes as prefilled syringes or autoinjectors of 75 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg

Dosage frequency: Every two or four weeks

Approved indications: Moderate to severe persistent asthma in adults and children aged 6 and older. Also approved for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), IgE-mediated food allergy, and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU).

Common side effects: Arthralgia, general pain, leg pain, fatigue, dizziness, fracture, arm pain, itching, dermatitis, earache, nasopharyngitis, headache, fever, upper abdominal pain, pharyngitis streptococcal, infection or inflammation of the middle ear, viral gastroenteritis, arthropod bites, and nosebleed.

PROS:

CONS:

Xolair was the first biologic treatment for asthma approved in the US. Earlier studies confirmed that it is both safe and effective. In 2022, a study followed patients for 16 years to assess the long-term safety and effectiveness of the drug in real-world use.

Here are the results:

• • Patients experienced fewer attacks, averaging 0.88 per year, compared to 3.6 asthma attacks per year before.

• • There were no hospitalizations for asthma-related issues during the entire 16-year period, compared to 0.3 hospitalizations per patient before.

• • Patients’ lung function improved significantly over time.

• • Patient-reported outcomes such as asthma-related quality of life (AQLQ) and asthma control test (ACT) scores improved from the start of the study and remained high, especially during the first 9 years.

• • Patients were able to reduce their asthma medications, particularly oral corticosteroids (OCS).

In addition, Xolair is generally well tolerated and has a low risk of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), which is estimated at 0.1% to 0.2%.

2. Nucala

Price: $3,990.98 for a single dose ($3,100 for a 100 mg pen on Pharma Giant)

Active ingredients: Mepolizumab

Drug class: Interleukin-5 (IL-5) antagonist

Dosage form and strength: 100 mg prefilled syringes or autoinjectors and 40 mg prefilled syringes for children

Dosage frequency: Every four weeks

Approved indications: For severe eosinophilic asthma in adults and children aged 6 years and older. Nucala is also approved for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)

Common side effects: Headache, injection site reaction, back pain, and fatigue.

PROS:

CONS:

In the SIRIUS trial, Nucala resulted in a 50% reduction in oral corticosteroid (OCS) doses for patients with eosinophilic asthma who were on long-term OCS therapy. This benefit occurred while still reducing asthma flare-ups by 32% and improving asthma control by 43%.

In the MENSA clinical trial, patients who received Nucala 100 mg subcutaneously every four weeks had 53% fewer asthma attacks, while those given 75 mg through an IV had a 47% reduction.

Nucala also reduced serious asthma attacks that required emergency room visits or hospitalization by 61% with injections and 32% with IV treatment.

In addition, patients experienced better lung function, meaning they could breathe more easily, along with improvements in overall quality of life.

3. Fasenra

Price: $6,022.46 for the 30 mg dose and $2,007.49 for the 10 mg dose

Active ingredients: Benralizumab

Drug class: Interleukin-5 (IL-5) antagonist

Dosage form and strength: Comes as single-dose prefilled syringes or autoinjectors of 10 mg and 30 mg

Dosage frequency: Every four weeks for the first three doses, then every eight weeks

Approved indications: For severe eosinophilic asthma in adults and children aged 6 years and older. Also approved for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Common side effects: Headache and pharyngitis

PROS:

CONS:

The SIROCCO clinical trial found that Fasenra significantly reduced asthma flare-ups compared with a placebo. Patients receiving Fasenra every 4 weeks had about 45% fewer asthma attacks, while those treated every 8 weeks had about 51% fewer attacks.

The treatment also led to better lung function and improved overall asthma symptoms, with especially noticeable symptom improvement in the group taking it every 8 weeks.

Another study looked at how well Fasenra works over nearly two years (96 weeks), and the results showed strong, lasting benefits. The treatment led to about 95% fewer flare-ups overall and nearly 97% fewer severe attacks. Importantly, 60% of patients were able to stop taking OCS.

4. Cinqair

Price: $3,615.79 for three 100 mg/10 ml vials

Active ingredients: Reslizumab

Drug class: Interleukin-5 (IL-5) antagonist

Dosage form and strength: 100 mg single-use vials, administered as an intravenous push or bolus

Dosage frequency: Every four weeks

Approved indications: Approved as an add-on maintenance therapy for severe eosinophilic asthma in adults.

Common side effects: Oropharyngeal pain

PROS:

CONS:

Compared with a placebo, Cinqair cut asthma flare-ups by about 50%. Patients also experienced better lung function and improvements in quality of life. Because reslizumab is given through an IV (into a vein), it is usually used for more severe cases, especially when other injection-based treatments aren’t suitable.

In a real-world study of 134 adults in a Dutch asthma registry, Cinqair reduced asthma attacks by about 90% and lowered the need for OCS.

The treatment worked well for both patients who had never used biologics before and patients who switched from another biologic treatment. About 59% of patients had a “good” or “excellent” response to Cinqair.

5. Tezspire

Price: $4,587.41(syringe) and $4,908.93 (prefilled pen)

Active ingredients: Tezepelumab-ekko

Drug class: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) blocker

Dosage form and strength: Supplied as 210 mg/mL in single-dose vials, prefilled syringes, or prefilled pens

Dosage frequency: Every four weeks

Approved indications: Add-on maintenance treatment of adults and children aged 12 years and older with severe asthma. Also approved as an add-on maintenance treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Common side effects: Pharyngitis, arthralgia, and back pain.

PROS:

CONS:

The NAVIGATOR clinical trial showed that Tezspire can significantly reduce asthma attacks across a wide range of patients.

Over one year (52 weeks), the treatment reduced asthma flare-ups by about 48% to 60%, depending on the patient group. These benefits were seen regardless of factors like sex, smoking history, or body weight.

Some groups saw even greater improvements. For example:

• • Patients with aspirin or NSAID sensitivity (a type of asthma triggered by certain pain relievers) had 83% fewer asthma attacks

• • Patients who would normally qualify for Dupixent treatment still saw a 64% reduction in flare-ups

Overall, these results suggest that Tezspire works broadly across different types of asthma, including in people who may not respond well to other biologic treatments that target specific pathways (like IL-4, IL-13, or IL-5).

Small-molecule and immunosuppressive alternatives to Dupixent

There are older systemic medications that can also control eczema and asthma, though they come with broader immunosuppression and potential toxicity. These drugs are generally used when patients fail or cannot access biologics.

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor that suppresses T-cell activation. It is widely used to prevent transplant rejection and has off-label use for severe atopic dermatitis. Cyclosporine is taken orally, usually 3-5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, divided into two doses. Because long-term use can damage the kidneys and raise blood pressure, treatment is often limited to short courses under specialist supervision.

Pros:

• • Oral administration
  • Rapid reduction of eczema severity
  • Low cost when generic

Cons:

• • Requires monitoring of blood pressure, kidney function, and cyclosporine levels
  • Long-term use can cause hypertension, kidney damage, and gum overgrowth
  • Risk of infections and malignancy with prolonged therapy
  • Should not be combined with other immunosuppressants without close oversight

Methotrexate

Methotrexate is an antimetabolite that works by blocking the use of folate (a type of vitamin B) in the body. This slows down the growth and activity of immune cells, which helps reduce inflammation. It is used for psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sometimes severe eczema.

Typical dosing for dermatologic conditions is 10-25 mg once weekly, with folic acid supplementation to reduce side effects.

Pros:

• • Once-weekly oral dosing
  • Very inexpensive
  • Effective for many autoimmune skin disorders

Cons:

• • Requires regular monitoring of liver function and blood counts
  • Side effects include nausea, fatigue, mouth ulcers, and rare liver or lung toxicity
  • Contraindicated in pregnancy; strict contraception is required
  • Effects may take weeks to manifest

Azathioprine

Azathioprine is a purine analog that blocks the production of DNA in fast-growing immune cells. This reduces the activity of the immune system and helps control inflammation. It is used off-label for severe eczema and for autoimmune disorders.

The usual dosage is 1-3 mg/kg/day orally. Before starting treatment, doctors often recommend a genetic test (TPMT or NUDT15) to check how your body processes the medication. This helps identify people who may be at higher risk of serious side effects, such as dangerously low blood cell counts (bone marrow suppression).

Pros:

• • Oral administration
  • Low cost
  • Useful for patients who cannot tolerate calcineurin inhibitors or methotrexate

Cons:

• • Risk of bone marrow suppression, requiring regular blood count monitoring
  • Can cause liver toxicity and increase the risk of skin cancers
  • Onset of benefit may take several weeks

Mycophenolate Mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil is a medication that blocks an enzyme needed for immune cells (especially lymphocytes) to grow and multiply. Slowing down these immune cells helps reduce inflammation and immune system activity.

It is used for transplant rejection prevention and off-label for eczema and lupus. Typical dosage is 1-1.5 g twice daily for adults, adjusted based on response and tolerability.

Pros:

• • Oral administration
  • Can be effective when other systemic therapies fail
  • Generic versions reduce cost

Cons:

• • Requires monitoring of blood counts and liver function
  • Potential side effects include gastrointestinal upset, infections, and rare progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  • Not recommended during pregnancy without specialist oversight

Cheaper topical Dupixent alternatives for eczema

If you’re looking for alternatives to Dupixent that don’t require injections, topical treatments can be a good option. These creams and ointments work directly on the skin to calm inflammation and relieve eczema symptoms.

Generic Tacrolimus (Protopic)

Tacrolimus is a topical medication (applied to the skin) approved for short-term and intermittent long-term use in people with moderate to severe eczema. It’s used in both adults and children who haven’t responded well to other prescription creams.

For patients aged 3 months and older whose eczema is not controlled with moisturizers alone, experts recommend adding one of these medications to help reduce inflammation and improve symptoms. Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment is applied to affected skin twice daily until lesions clear, then as needed. 

Tacrolimus is effective for sensitive areas such as the face or groin and does not cause skin thinning. However, it can cause burning or stinging on application, and long-term use has been associated with rare malignancies.

Generic Pimecrolimus (Elidel)

Pimecrolimus cream is a prescription topical medication used to treat mild to moderate eczema in patients aged 2 years and older. It belongs to a group of drugs called topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs), which help reduce skin inflammation.

It’s usually considered a second-line treatment, meaning it’s used when first-line options like topical steroids and moisturizers don’t work well enough.

Doctors may also use it off-label (outside official approval) for:

• • Infants under 2 years old
  • Sensitive areas like the eyelids, skin folds, or hands

It’s typically applied twice daily as a thin layer to affected areas. It should not be used continuously for more than 6 weeks without reassessment. It can be used on its own or alongside steroids to reduce steroid use over time.

Using it 2-3 times per week long-term may help prevent eczema flare-ups and reduce the need for stronger treatments.

The most common side effects are burning, stinging, or itching at the application site, especially when the skin is very inflamed. People with eczema may also be more prone to skin infections, such as:

• • Bacterial infections (like impetigo)
  • Viral infections (like eczema herpeticum)

Pimecrolimus should not be used under occlusive dressings (covered tightly), as this hasn’t been well studied.

According to 2023 guidelines from leading allergy and asthma organizations, topical calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, are important treatment options for eczema.

Eucrisa (crisaborole)

Eucrisa contains crisaborole, a small molecule that inhibits phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) in the skin, reducing inflammatory cytokines. The ointment is 2% crisaborole and is applied twice daily to affected areas. Eucrisa is approved for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in patients aged two years and older.

Because it is not systemically absorbed, Eucrisa is safer than oral drugs but may cause burning or stinging at the application site.

How to safely switch from Dupixent to another therapy

Here are practical steps to consider:

Always check in with your healthcare provider for personalized advice.

Summary

Dupixent has changed treatment for eczema, asthma, and other type 2 inflammatory diseases, but cost, injections, and variable response lead many to explore alternatives. Options now range from newer biologics and oral JAK inhibitors to topical therapies and traditional immunosuppressants, each with distinct benefits and risks.

Because direct comparisons are limited, the best choice depends on individual needs. Talk with your doctor about your symptoms, preferences, and medical history to find the most suitable treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sources

Wollenberg, A., Blauvelt, A., et.al. (2020). Tralokinumab for moderate?to?severe atopic dermatitis: results from two 52?week, randomized, double?blind, multicentre, placebo?controlled phase III trials (ECZTRA 1 and ECZTRA 2)*. British Journal of Dermatology, 184(3), 437–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19574

Silverberg, J., Toth, D., et.al. (2020). Tralokinumab plus topical corticosteroids for the treatment of moderate?to?severe atopic dermatitis: results from the double?blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo?controlled phase III ECZTRA 3 trial*. British Journal of Dermatology, 184(3), 450–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19573

Gutermuth, J., Pink, A., et.al. (2021). Tralokinumab plus topical corticosteroids in adults with severe atopic dermatitis and inadequate response to or intolerance of ciclosporin A: a placebo?controlled, randomized, phase III clinical trial (ECZTRA 7)*. British Journal of Dermatology, 186(3), 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.20832

Borland, M. (2024, October 25). LEO Pharma Presents Final Results of ECZTEND Long-Term Adbry® Trial (tralokinumab-ldrm) in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis (AD) at Fall Clinical 2024. Business Wire. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241025193860/en/LEO-Pharma-Presents-Final-Results-of-ECZTEND-Long-Term-Adbry-Trial-tralokinumab-ldrm-in-Patients-with-Moderate-to-Severe-Atopic-Dermatitis-AD-at-Fall-Clinical-2024

Paller, A. S., Flohr, C., et.al. (2023). Efficacy and safety of tralokinumab in adolescents with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatology, 159(6), 596. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2023.0627

Managed Healthcare Executive – Payer and Population Health Insights. (2024, May 8). FDA approves Adbry for atopic dermatitis in 12 to 17 year olds. Managed Healthcare Executive – Payer and Population Health Insights. https://www.managedhealthcareexecutive.com/view/fda-approves-adbry-for-atopic-dermatitis-in-12-to-17-year-olds

Ebglyss Cost Information | With or Without Insurance | EbglyssTM (lebrikizumab-lbkz) injection. (n.d.). https://pricinginfo.lilly.com/ebglyss

Silverberg, J. I., Guttman-Yassky, E., et.al. (2023). Two phase 3 trials of lebrikizumab for Moderate-to-Severe atopic dermatitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(12), 1080–1091. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206714

Silverberg, J. I., Wollenberg, A., et.al. (2024). Nemolizumab with concomitant topical therapy in adolescents and adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (ARCADIA 1 and ARCADIA 2): results from two replicate, double-blind, randomised controlled phase 3 trials. The Lancet, 404(10451), 445–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01203-0

Ständer, S., Elmariah, S. B., et.al. (2025). Rapid improvement of itch with nemolizumab in atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis phase 3 studies. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.70250

Pfizer Inc. (n.d.). Pfizer Announces Positive Top-Line Results from Phase 3 Study of Investigational Oral JAK1 Candidate, Abrocitinib (PF-04965842), in Patients Aged 12 and Older with Moderate to Severe Atopic Dermatitis | Pfizer. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer_announces_positive_top_line_results_from_phase_3_study_of_investigational_oral_jak1_candidate_abrocitinib_pf_04965842_in_patients_aged_12_and_older_with_moderate_to_severe_atopic_dermatitis

Armstrong, A. W., Alexis, A. F., et.al. (2024). Predicting Abrocitinib efficacy at Week 12 based on clinical response at Week 4: A post hoc analysis of four randomized studies in Moderate-to-Severe atopic dermatitis. Dermatology and Therapy, 14(7), 1849–1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-024-01183-3

Song, D., Gong, W., & Xiao, G. (2025). Comparative analysis of the efficacy of abrocitinib and dupilumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, Volume 18, 817–825. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s515200

RINVOQ® (upadacitinib) Cost. (2022, April 12). RINVOQ. https://www.rinvoq.com/cost

New Data Show RINVOQ® (upadacitinib) Demonstrated Superiority Versus DUPIXENT® (dupilumab) Across Primary and All Secondary Endpoints in an Open-Label Head-to-Head Atopic Dermatitis Study. (2024, April 25). AbbVie News Center. https://news.abbvie.com/2024-04-25-New-Data-Show-RINVOQ-R-upadacitinib-Demonstrated-Superiority-Versus-DUPIXENT-R-dupilumab-Across-Primary-and-All-Secondary-Endpoints-in-an-Open-Label-Head-to-Head-Atopic-Dermatitis-Study

Menzella, F., Fontana, M., et.al. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Omalizumab Treatment Over a 16-Year Follow-Up: When a Clinical Trial meets Real-Life. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, Volume 15, 505–515. https://doi.org/10.2147/jaa.s363398

McGregor, M. C., Krings, J. G., Nair, P., & Castro, M. (2018). Role of biologics in asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 199(4), 433–445. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201810-1944ci

Bel, E. H., Wenzel, S. E., et.al. (2014). Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(13), 1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1403291

Ortega, H. G., Liu, M. C., et.al. (2014). Mepolizumab Treatment in Patients with Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(13), 1198–1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1403290

Pricing information for NUCALA | GSKForYou. (n.d.). https://gskforyou.com/gsk-pricing-information/nucala/

FASENRA® (benralizumab) Cost and Affordability. (n.d.). https://www.fasenra.com/cost-affordability

Bleecker, E. R., FitzGerald, J. M., et.al. (2016). Efficacy and safety of benralizumab for patients with severe asthma uncontrolled with high-dosage inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting ?2-agonists (SIROCCO): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 388(10056), 2115–2127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31324-1

Vultaggio, A., Aliani, M., et.al. (2023). Long-term effectiveness of benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma patients treated for 96-weeks: data from the ANANKE study. Respiratory Research, 24(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-023-02439-w

Castro, M., Zangrilli, J., et.al. (2015). Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3(5), 355–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00042-9

Hashimoto, S., Kroes, J. A., et.al. (2022). Real-World effectiveness of reslizumab in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma – First initiators and switchers. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice, 10(8), 2099-2108.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.014

Cost and Affordability | TEZSPIRE® (tezepelumab- ekko) Subcutaneous Injection 210 mg. (n.d.). https://www.tezspire.com/cost-affordability

Carr, T. F., Moore, W. C., et.al. (2024). Efficacy of Tezepelumab in Patients with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma Across Multiple Clinically Relevant Subgroups in the NAVIGATOR Study. Advances in Therapy, 41(7), 2978–2990. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-024-02889-8

Patel, P., & Rout, P. (2026, January 31). Tacrolimus. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544318/

Ahn, D., & Robinson, C. A. (2023, July 10). Pimecrolimus. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545135/

Beyrouti A, Deuze J, et.al.; French Atopic Dermatitis Network (FRADEN) from the Groupe de Recherche sur l’Eczéma Atopique (GREAT) Research Group. Switching From Dupilumab to Tralokinumab or Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Cases of Ocular and/or Facial Adverse Events in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2025 Feb;13(2):353-360. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.12.001. Epub 2024 Dec 12. PMID: 39672377.